Litikum books 1

Cite as: Szilágyi, K. (2021). Társadalmi folyamatok a kőeszközkutatásban. A chaîne opératoire koncepció használata újkőkori kőanyagok vizsgálatában (Bringing social process into lithic studies. Implementing the chaîne opératoire concept into the analysis of Neolithic stone material). In N. Faragó, A. Király, & K. I. Szegedi (szerk.), A tealevelektől a levélhegyekig. Tanulmányok Mester Zsolt tiszteletére 60. születésnapja alkalmából (pp. 23–43). Litikum & ELTE BTK Régészettudományi Intézet. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikumsi01a01

Lithic technological analysis, experimental studies, ethnoarchaeology, together with cultural and social anthropological approaches all provide excellent tools for the interpretation of knapped stone artefacts – not only from the Palaeolithic era but the Neolithic as well. The fundamental concept of chaîne opératoire was developed by French scholars studying Palaeolithic materials, providing a consistent framework for the recognition of the technological system of a community. This approach can take into account not only the technological knowledge, skills and abilities of the individual but also the traditions of the community and the surrounding environment that influences the qualities of the community (potential knappable raw materials, characteristic toolkits, etc.). By contrast, the conventional archaeological approach to lithics too often narrowly focuses on the spatial distribution of raw materials, and the occurrence of specialised tools, to reconstruct, for example, the communication networks between communities. However, the technological approach can explore a broader range of activities in more detail – stone tool production, usage and deposition. Observed technological traits of lithic implements enable us to recognise these activities at different levels on spatial and social scales. Thus, we can identify technical choices and gestures, as well as recurring activities, i.e. practices, even with a ritual character, inside and outside the settlements, within the scopes of individuals, households or an entire community. This paper presents a Late Neolithic case study on how the technological approach facilitates the study of stone tool production on different levels, scales, their use and their deposition, and integrate them into the Neolithic narrative.

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Cite as: Bálint, Cs. (2021). A fosszilis puhatestű vázak szerepének kérdése a magyarországi felső paleolitikumban (The role of mollusc shells in the Carpathian Basin during the Upper Palaeolithic). In N. Faragó, A. Király, & K. I. Szegedi (szerk.), A tealevelektől a levélhegyekig. Tanulmányok Mester Zsolt tiszteletére 60. születésnapja alkalmából (pp. 45–61). Litikum & ELTE BTK Régészettudományi Intézet. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikumsi01a02

Within the context of the Paleolithic of Hungary the most abundant finds that do not bear any obvious practical function are tertiary fossil molluscs. The scientific consensus is that these were used as personal ornaments expressing social identity. This paper’s goal is to shed light on the problems related to the mollusc shell find assemblages. This study touches on the discussed finds’ raw material sources and their role in the settlement of a specific region, the differences and relations between the mollusc shell assemblages, the importance of certain form preferences, and the problem of the possible function of these items. This work also raises attention to the question of geographical location. The mollusc shell find assemblages are concentrated to the Danube bend area. It’s overall conclusion is that assemblages with diverse form preferences imply different social identities. Their situation within a relatively small territory could indicate a refuge area where the meeting of groups with distinct self-identification was commonplace.

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Cite as: Béres, S., & Kerekes, D. (2021). Demjén-Szőlő-hegy III korai felső paleolit lelőhely (The Demjén-Szőlő-hegy III Early Upper Palaeolithic Site). In N. Faragó, A. Király, & K. I. Szegedi (szerk.), A tealevelektől a levélhegyekig. Tanulmányok Mester Zsolt tiszteletére 60. születésnapja alkalmából (pp. 63–76). Litikum & ELTE BTK Régészettudományi Intézet. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikumsi01a03

Over the last decades, northeastern Hungary became a main target of intensive archaeological research focusing on the Upper Palaeolithic period, due to  the geographical location and raw material resources of the area. As a result, several sites from different periods and cultures were discovered around Eger. One of them is the Szőlő-hegy overlooking the village of Demjén. The archaeological potential of the Szőlő-hegy plateau had discovered by Viola Dobosi already in 1975 but the Szőlő-hegy III spot has been identified only in 2017, during a field survey. This study aims to determine the age and cultural affiliation of the finds by comparing them to similar archaeological material from Hungary and the surrounding countries. The investigated assemblage is classified into the Aurignacian complex, displaying both Early and Typical typological characteristics. However, the morphology and production technology of the finds suggest Early Aurignacian origins.

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Cite as: Faragó, N. (2021). Technológiai megfigyelések a rákóczifalvi temető bifaciális levélhegyén (Technological observations of a bifacial leaf point from the cemetery of Rákóczifalva). In N. Faragó, A. Király, & K. I. Szegedi (szerk.), A tealevelektől a levélhegyekig. Tanulmányok Mester Zsolt tiszteletére 60. születésnapja alkalmából (pp. 77–94). Litikum & ELTE BTK Régészettudományi Intézet. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikumsi01a04

The subject of this study is a bifacial leaf point found in the symbolic grave no. 218/230 at the site of Rákóczifalva-Bivaly-tó 1/C. In the lack of use-wear analysis the denomination „bifacial leaf point” seemed more accurate, as other terms, such as arrowhead, spearhead, or dagger are rather functionally determined. Besides, the description of the find and its archaeological context, and the outline of the possible analogies, the study focuses to an exhaustive technological analysis.

This analysis relied on the detailed observation of the consecutive steps and techniques realized during production. The main goal was to directly shed light on the circumstances of the preparation, the location, and the maker of this artefact. Indirectly, the study offers additional clues on the extended contacts and the technological innovation experienced during the Copper Age. According to the results, it can be excluded that this leaf point was manufactured on-site, but its raw material together with high-quality craftsmanship and cultural tradition manifested in its find context represents strong connections with Northern Bulgaria.

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Cite as: Szegedi, K.I. (2021). Nagykovácsi-Remete-barlang 10. rétegének időrendi kérdései (Chronological issues of Layer 10 in Nagykovácsi-Remete-cave). In N. Faragó, A. Király, & K. I. Szegedi (szerk.), A tealevelektől a levélhegyekig. Tanulmányok Mester Zsolt tiszteletére 60. születésnapja alkalmából (pp. 95–131). Litikum & ELTE BTK Régészettudományi Intézet. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikumsi01a05

The Nagykovácsi-Remete-barlang site is considered Early Mesolithic in the literature, due to an obsidian blade found in Layer 10. However, this artefact carries technological markers that are rather indicative of the second half of the Mesolithic or a later prehistoric period. The sediment containing the blade can be dated to the Early Holocene, but the scientific evidence for this chronology cannot be associated with human activity, thus the age of the blade remains uncertain. Based on the available data, the Remete cave is considered a dubious Meolithic site until further studies in the field.

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Cite as: Király, A. (2021). Acsa-Rovnya vakaróinak komplex vizsgálata – felszíni leletegyüttesek a felső paleolitikus tájhasználat rekonstrukciójában. In N. Faragó, A. Király, & K. I. Szegedi (szerk.), A tealevelektől a levélhegyekig. Tanulmányok Mester Zsolt tiszteletére 60. születésnapja alkalmából (pp. 105–131). Litikum & ELTE BTK Régészettudományi Intézet. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikumsi01a06

The majority of Upper Palaeolithic sites in Hungary is surface scatter with poor chronostratigraphic control. However, the technological, morphometric and taphonomic characteristics of the finds, as well as the geographical location of their recovery constitute valuable input data for regional-scale land-use models. The Acsa-Rovnya Early Upper Palaeolithic site is considered an aggregation site or basecamp due to its numerous finds, the dominance of endscrapers, and its strategic location. The duration of its occupation and the archaeological-taxonomic identity of its users are yet to be known. In the absence of absolute chronological controls, I investigated the dominant tool type of the site, endscrapers, in order to explain their variability by chronological, taxonomic or functional reasons. Based upon morphometric and production methods, I classified these tools with the help of hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC). The results show that the typologically diverse set can be the result of similar tool production methods and usage. This result confirms the view about the similar function of the site in the landscape, whether it was used by groups classified into one or more culture-taxonomical units.

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