The Use of Bone in Stone Tool Technology: Retouchers from Veternica and Vindija (Croatia)
Marko Banda1, Siniša Radović2, Ivor Karavanić3
1 Corresponding author. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 3, 10000 Zagreb, email: mabanda@ffzg.hr / markobanda0@gmail.com
2 Institute for Quaternary Palaeontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ante Kovačića 5, 10000 Zagreb
3 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 3, 10000 Zagreb; Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
Cite as Banda, M., Radović, S. & Karavanić, I. (2020). The Use of Bone in Stone Tool Technology: Retouchers from Veternica and Vindija (Croatia). Litikum – Journal of the Lithic Research Roundtable, 8 (Studies commemorating Jacques Tixier), pp. 13–34. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikuma0023
Abstract. Bone retouchers are tools used for the tasks of retouching lithics and are usually made from long bone shaft fragments. They are a common feature of many Middle Palaeolithic assemblages throughout Europe and the Near East but are also found during the Late Lower Palaeolithic and the Upper Palaeolithic. This study presents the results of the analysis of bone retouchers from the Middle Palaeolithic contexts of Veternica (MIS 3-5) and the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic contexts of Vindija (MIS 3), Northwestern Croatia. The study is comprised of an examination of site information, taxonomic and anatomical determination, basic taphonomic analysis, morphometric analysis and analysis of the retoucher use traces. The results reveal a fundamental difference between the two retoucher assemblages. In Veternica, the bone retouchers are an important part of stone tool technology, represented by the number of retouchers, preferential selection of faunal species, preparatory scraping, evidence of curation, the sometimes heavy intensity of use and shaping of the morphology through flaking. In Vindija, retouchers represent a more expedient technology, suggested by the low number of finds in individual layers, their small size, low intensity of use and lack of evidence for preparatory measures and curation. Exceptionally, the assemblage from Veternica has provided retouchers made from cave bear bones, which could suggest exploitation of this species by Neanderthals.
Keywords: Bone retouchers, Bone tool technology, Middle Palaeolithic, Vindija, Veternica
We would like to thank the director of the Institute for Quaternary Palaeontology and Geology, Jadranka Mauch Lenardić, for permitting us to study and publish the material. Mateo Petrović we sincerely thank for his help with photographing the artefacts.
Data availability statement: The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
Disclosure statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Funding statement: The author received no financial support for the research and/or the publication of this article.
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International Public License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). You are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and transform the material, under the following terms: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
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