Taxonomy of the Early Middle Palaeolithic in Central Europe
Janusz K. Kozłowski*
* Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Golębia 11, 31007 Kraków, Poland
Cite as Kozłowski, J. K. (2016) Taxonomy of the Early Middle Palaeolithic in Central Europe (A korai középső paleolitikum kulturális tagolódása Közép-Európában). Litikum – Journal of the Lithic Research Roundtable, 4, pp. 23–32. https://doi.org/10.23898/litikuma0016
Abstract. The objective of this paper is the analysis of cultural diversification in Central Europe, in the Penultimate Glaciation (MIS 8–6) on the basis of techno-morphological criteria. Using the taxonomic analysis of culture units in the Early Phase of the Middle Palaeolithic a hypothesis has been proposed that claims a complex, polycentric origin of some of the distinguished units that employed Levallois technology and bifacial tools such as Micoquian Keilmesser and leaf-points. The phylogenetic processes registered in the Early Phases of the Middle Palaeolithic determined the cultural diversity in the Late Phase of this time interval (from the Last Interglacial – MIS 5 – to the middle of the Interpleniglacial – MIS 3).
Keywords: Middle Palaeolithic, Penultimate Glaciation, Mousterian, Micoquian, Levallois technology
Data availability statement: The author confirms that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its supplementary materials.
Disclosure statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Funding statement: The author received no financial support for the research and/or the publication of this article.
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike International Public License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). You are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and transform the material, under the following terms: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
List of references
Bánesz, L. 1961. Prehľad paleolitu, východného Slovenska. Slovenská archeológia 9: 33–44.
Baumann, W., Mania, D. 1983. Die paläolithischen Neufunde von Markkleeberg bei Leipzig. Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums der Vorgeschichte Dresden 16, Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Behm-Blancke, G. 1960. Altsteinzeitliche Rastplätze im Travertingebiet von Taubach, Weimar, Ehringsdorf. Alt-Thüringen 4: 1–246.
Bosinski, G. 1967. Die mittelpaläolithischen Funde in westlichen Mitteleuropa. Fundamenta A4, Köln–Graz: Böhlau Verlag.
Bosinski, G. 2000–2001. El paleolítico medio en Europa Central. Zephyrus 53–54: 79–142.
Burdukiewicz, J. M. 2003. Technokompleks mikrolityczny w paleolicie dolnym środkowej Europy. Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski Instytut Archeologii.
Burdukiewicz, J. M., Ronen, A. (eds) 2003. Lower Palaeolithic small tools in Europe and the Levant. BAR International Series 1115, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Conard, N., Fischer, B. 2000. Are there recognizable cultural entities in the German Middle Palaeolithic. In: Ronen, A., Weinstein-Evron, M. (eds), Toward modern humans: the Yabrudian and Micoquian 400–50 k-years ago. BAR International Series 850, Oxford: Archaeopress, 7–21.
Cyrek, K. (red.) 2002. Jaskinia Biśnik. Rekonstrukcja zasiedlenia jaskini na tle zmian środowiska przyrodniczego. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Unywersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika.
Cyrek, K. 2013. Jaskinia Biśnik. Wczesny środkowy paleolit. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Unywersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika.
Fajer, M., Foltyn, E. M., Foltyn, E., Kozłowski, J. K. 2001. Contribution à l’évolution du Micoquien en Europe centrale: nouvelles découvertes du Micoquien en Haute Silésie (Pologne). In: Cliquet D. (dir.), Les industries à outils bifaciaux du Paléolithique moyen d’Europe occidentale. E.R.A.U.L. 98, Liège: Université de Liège, 195–207.
Ferrier, C., Leblanc, J.-Cl., Berthet, A.-L., Delfour, G. 2009. La Grotte Kozarnika (Gara Oreshets, Bulgarie): données stratigraphiques, géologiques et sédimentologiques. In: Gatsov, I. (ed.), Saxa loquuntur. Sofia: Avalon, 13–27.
Foltyn, E. M., Foltyn, E., Kozłowski, J. K. 2000. Première evidence de l’âge pre-éémien des industries à pointes foliacées bifaciales asymétriques en Europe centrale. In: Ronen, A., Weinstein-Evron, M. (Eds), Toward modern humans: the Yabrudian and Micoquian 400–50 k-years ago. BAR International Series 850, Oxford: Archaeopress, 7–24.
Foltyn E., Foltyn, E. M., Kozłowski, J. K. 2004. Early Middle Paleolithic Habitation Structures from Rozumice Site C (Upper Silesia, Poland). In: Conard, N. J. (ed.): Settlement dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. Volume II. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag, 165–184.
Fridrich, J. 1982. Středopaleolitické osídlení Čech. Praha: Archeologický ústav ČSAV.
Gladilin, V. N., Sitlivy, V. I. 1990. Ашель Центральной Европы. Kiev: Nauk.
Grahmann, R. 1955. The Lower Palaeolithic site of Markkleeberg and Rother comparable localities near Leipzig. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 45: 509–687. https://doi.org/10.2307/1005742
Guadelli, J.-L., Sirakov, N., Ivanova, St., Sirakova, Sv., Anastassova, E., Courtaud, P., Dimitrova, I., Djabarska, N., Fernandez, Ph., Ferrier, C., Fontugne, M., Gambier, D., Guadelli, A., Iordanova, D., Iordanova N., Kovatcheva, M., Krumov, I., Leblanc, J.-C., Mallye, B., Marinska, M., Miteva, V., Popov, V., Spassov, R., Taneva, St., Tisterat-Laborde, N., Tsanova, Ts. 2005. Une séquence du Paléolithique inférieur au Paléolithique récent dans les Balkans: la Grotte Kozarnika à Orechets (nord-ouest de la Bulgarie). In: Molines, N., Moncel, M.-H., Monnier, J.-L. (eds), Les premiers peuplements en Europe: – Colloque international: Données récentes sur les modalités de peuplement et sur le cadre chronostratigraphique, géologique et paléogéographique des industries du Paléolithique ancien et moyen en Europe (Rennes, 22-25 septembre 2003). BAR International Series 1364, Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd,. 87–103.
Hausmann, R., Brunnacker, K. 1988. U-Series dating of the Middle European travertines. In: Schwarz, H. P. (coord.), L’Homme de Néandertal : Actes du colloque international de Liège (4–7 décembre 1986). Volume 1: La chronologie. E.R.A.U.L. 28, Liège: Université de Liège, 47–51.
Junkmanns, J. 1991. Die Steinartefakte aus Achenheim in der Sammlung Paul Wernert. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 21/1: 1–16.
Kaminská, Ľ. 2014. Staré Slovensko 2. Paleolit a mezolit. Nitra: Archeologický ústav SAV.
Kozłowski, J. K. 2003. From bifaces to leaf points. In: Soressi, M., Dibble H. L. (eds), Multiple Approaches to the Study of Bifacial Technologies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 149–164.
Kozłowski, J. K. 2006. Les Néandertaliens en Europe centrale. In: Demarsin, B., Otte, M. (dir.), Neanderthals in Europe. E.R.A.U.L. 117, ATVATVCA 2, Liège–Tongeren, 77–90.
Kozlowski, J. K. 2014. Middle Palaeolithic variability in Central Europe: Mousterian vs Micoquian. Quaternary International 326–327: 344–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.020
Kozłowski, J. K. (ed.) 1982. Excavation in the Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria): final report. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Kozłowski, S. K. (ed.) 2006. Wylotne and Zwierzyniec. Paleolithic sites in Southern Poland. Kraków: The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences–Warsaw University.
Koulakovskaya, L. 1995. Aspects typologiques des industries micoquiennes : le site de Korolevo en Ukraine. In: Les industries à pointes foliacées d’Europe centrale. Actes du Colloque de Miskolc, 10-15 septembre 1991. Paléo – Supplément n° 1, 207–211. https://doi.org/10.3406/pal.1995.1398
Kulakovskaya, L. V. 1999. Палеолитические местонахождения в районе Королево. Arkheologicheskiy Al’manakh Donietsk 8: 153–158.
Kulakovska, L. V. 2003. Середньопалеолiтичнi варiацiї на заході України. In: Варіабельність середнього палеоліту України. Kyiv: Shliakh, 10–31.
Kulakovskaya, L. V. 2009. Королево: хронология раннего и среднего палеолита. In: Vasil’ev, S. A., Kulakovskaya, L. V. (red.), С. Н. Бибиков и первобытная археология. Sankt-Peterburg: Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk Institut Istorii Materialnoy Kultury–Natsionalnaya Akademiya Nauk Ukrainy Institut Arkheologii, 87–100.
Łanczont, M., Madeyska, T., Bogucki, A., Sytnyk, O., Kusiak, J., Frankowski, Z., Komar, M., Nawrocki, J., Zogała, B. 2014. Stratigraphic position and natural environment of the oldest Middle Palaeolithic in central Podolia, Ukraine: New data from the Velykyi Glybochok site. Quaternary International 326–327: 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.045
Malez, M. 1970. A new look at the stratigraphy of the Krapina prehistoric site. In: Malez, M. (red.), Krapina 1899–1969. Zagreb: Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 40–44.
Mania, D. 2000. Stratigraphy and Palaeolithic of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene in the Saale-Elbe region. In: Ronen, A., Weinstein-Evron, M. (Eds), Toward modern humans: the Yabrudian and Micoquian 400–50 k-years ago. BAR International Series 850, Oxford: Archaeopress, 25–49.
Mania, D., Toepfer, V. 1973. Königsaue. Gliederung, Ökologie und mittelpaläolithische Funde der letzten Eiszeit. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Păunescu, A. 1993. Ripiceni-Izvor paleolitic şi mezolithic. Biblioteca de arheologie 52, Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Române.
Richter, J. 2006. Neanderthals in their landscape. In: Demarsin, B., Otte, M. (dir.), Neanderthals in Europe. E.R.A.U.L. 117, ATVATVCA 2, Liège–Tongeren, 51–66.
Sirakova, S. 2009. Middle Palaeolithic leaf points from Bulgaria. In: Gatsov, I. (Ed.), Saxa loquuntur. Sofia: Avalon, 119–139.
Soergel, W. 1922. Die Jagd der Vorzeit. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.
Stepanchuk, V. N. 2006. Нижнй и средний палеолит Украины. Chernovtsy: Zelena Bukovyna.
Sytnyk, O. 2000. Середній палеоліт Поділля. (Middle Palaeolithic of Podilia). Lviv: Natsionalna Akademiya Nauk Ukrainy.
Texier, J.-P., Bertran, P., 1993. Nouvelle interprétation paléoenvironnementale et chronostratigraphique du site paléolithique de la Micoque (Dordogne). Implications archéologiques. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris 316(II): 1611–1617.
Terradillos-Bernal, M., Díez-Fernández-Lomana, J.-C., 2012. La transition entre les Modes 2 et 3 en Europe: le rapport sur les gisements du Plateau Nord (Péninsule Ibérique). L’Anthropologie 116(3): 348–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2012.06.001
Toepfer, V., 1981. Das Acheuléen auf dem Boden der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Anthropologie (Brno) 19/1: 55–77.
Valoch K., 1988. Die Erforschung der Kůlna-Höhle 1961–1976. Brno: Moravské muzeum – Anthropos Institut.
Wiśniewski, A. 2014. The beginnings and diversity of Levallois methods in the early Middle Palaeolithic of Central Europe. Quaternary International 326–327: 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.027
